Syzygium cumini

Family: MYRTACEAE

Citation:  Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, U. S. DA. Bur. Pl. Industr. Bull. 248: 2. 1912, var. cumini; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 107. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 180. 1984; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 104. 1988; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 181. 1988; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 160. 1989; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 250. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 199. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 188. 1994; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 24. 1996; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 181. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 122. 1997; Swarup. et al., Shola For. Kerala 61. 1998; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 262. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 137. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 128. 1999; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 120. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 261. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 216. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 287. 2009. Myrtus cumini L., Sp. Pl. 471. 1753. Eugenia jambolana Lam., Encycl. 3: 198. 1789; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 499. 1879. Syzygium jambolanum (Lam.) DC., Prodr. 3: 259. 1828; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 481(340). 1919.
	Malayalam Name(s): Njara, Njaval, Perinnaral, Valiyanjaval
	Tamil name(s):
	English name(s): Black plum, Jambu, Jambol, Jaman, Java plum, Naval, Neredu
	Description: Medium sized trees; bark white, light pink inside. Leaves to 18 x 8 cm, ovate, oblong, long-acuminate at apex, acute at base; nerves many, close, shining above; petiole 1.5-2 cm long. Panicles to 10 cm across, on leafless branchlets. Flowers 6-9 mm across, subsessile; calyx tube 3 mm broad, turbinate; filaments 7 mm long. Berry 10 x 7 mm, obovoid, deep blue.
	Habit: Tree
	Flowering & Fruiting: December-April
	District(s): All Districts
	Medicinal: Yes
	Habitat: Evergreen forests, also in the plains
	Distribution: Indo-Malesia
	Aquatic: No
	Epiphyte(s): No
	Saprophyte: No
	Stem parasite: No
	Root parasite: No
	Flower colour(s): White
	Weed: No
	Monocot/Dicot: Dicotyledonous Plants
	Exotic: No
	Garden: No
	Edible: Yes
	Vegetable: No
	Endemic to:
	IUCN status:
	Altitude:
	Localities: Sholayar, Ponmudi, Thrissur, Choodal, Olikkudy, Karimutty, Ichampetty, Vallakkadavu, Chenthamara, Umikuppan, Parambikulam, Karimala, Damsite, Kakki hills, Tirunalli, Nedumpoyil, Aralam, Nemakad, Chinnakanal, Bhavani river bank, Dhoni R. F., Karappa, Kunt

Terminalia bellirica

 

EPSON DSC picture

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Combretaceae
Genus:	Terminalia
Species:	T. bellirica

	Family: COMBRETACEAE
	Citation:  Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb., Pl. Corom. t. 198. 1805; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 445. 1878; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 463(328). 1919; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 105. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 175. 1984; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 156. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 178. 1988; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 243. 1990; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 196. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 183. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 130. 1995; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 10,16. 1996; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 177. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 118. 1997; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 258. 1997; Gangop. & Chakrab., Journ. Econ. Tax. Bot. 21: 338. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 134. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 117. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 249. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 212. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 284. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 351. 2009. Myrobalanus bellirica Gaertn., Fruct. 2: 90. t. 97. ff. a-d.1791, “bellirica”.
	Malayalam Name(s): Thanni, Thannikka, Tusham
	Tamil name(s): Bibhitak
	English name(s): Bedda nut tree, Belliric myrobalan
	Description: Deciduous trees, to 35 m high, bole often buttressed; bark 10-20 mm thick, surface blackish-grey, smooth, vertically shallowly fissured, exfoliations small, semi-fibrous; branches sympodial; branchlets terete, thinly fulvous-hairy, leaf scars prominent. Leaves simple, opposite or alternate, clustered at the tip of branchlets, 9-35 x 5-16 cm, obovate, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, apex obtusely acuminate, base obliquely cuneate, attenuate or acute, margin entire, both surface pubescent when young, glabrous at maturity, coriaceous, eglandular; petiole 15-80 mm, stout, slightly grooved above, glabrous; lateral nerves 7-10 pairs, pinnate, prominent; intercostae reticulate. Flowers bisexual, greenish-yellow, 5-6 mm across, in axillary spikes; peduncle puberulous; bracteoles 0.5-2 mm long, linear-lanceolate, caduceus. Calyx tube 2-2.5 ×1.3-2 mm, rusty pubescent, constricted above the ovary; lobes 5, cream, triangular, tomentose; disc 5-lobed, villous. Petals absent. Ovary 1.5 mm, inferior, tomentose, 1-celled; ovules 2 or 3, pendulous; style 4 mm, subulate; stigma small. Fruit a drupe 2-2.5 x 1.8 cm, obovoid, obscurely 5-ridged, yellowish-brown, honed, not winged, softly tomentose; seed one, ellipsoid.
	Habit: Tree
	Flowering & Fruiting: December-January
	District(s): All Districts
	Medicinal: Yes
	Habitat: Semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests, also in the plains
	Distribution: Indo-Malesia

Terminalia cuneata

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Myrtales
Family:	Combretaceae
Genus:	Terminalia
Species:	T. arjuna

Family: COMBRETACEAE
	Citation:  Terminalia cuneata Roth, Nov. Pl. Sp. 379. 1821; Gangop. & Chakrab., Journ. Econ. Tax. Bot. 16:556.1992; Gangop. & Chakrab., Journ. Econ. Tax. Bot. 21: 349. 1997; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 352. 2009. Pentaptera cuneata (Roth) DC., Prodr. 3: 14. 1828. Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. ex DC.) Wight & Arn., Prodr. 314. 1834; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 447. 1878; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 465(329). 1919; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 155. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 178. 1988; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 102. 1988; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 196. 1990; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 127. 1999; Ravikumar & Ved, Illustr. Field Guide 100 Red Listed Med. Pl. 369. 2000. Pentaptera arjuna Roxb. ex DC., Prodr. 3: 14. 1828. Terminalia berryi Wight & Arn., Prodr. 314. 1834.
	Malayalam Name(s): Attumaruthu, Kattukadukka, Kulamaruthu, Neermaruthu, Puzhamatthi, Vellamatthi, Vellamaruthu, Vellilaya
	Tamil name(s): Arjuna
	English name(s): Arjun, White murdah
	Description: Evergreen trees, to 30 m, bole often buttressed; bark 6-8 mm thick, surface pinkish-grey, smooth, flaking off in thin layers; blaze pink; exudation red, gummy; branchlets drooping. Leaves simple, opposite to alternate, estipulate; petiole 5-15 mm long, stout, grooved above, glabrous; lamina 7.5-16 x 3.7-8.5 cm, oblong, elliptic, oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate, base round, obtuse or cordate, apex obtuse or round, margin crenulate or entire, glabrous, coriaceous, 2 glands at the base on the lowerside; lateral nerves 10-17 pairs, pinnate, arched towards the margin, prominent, intercostae reticulate, prominent. Flowers bisexual, dull yellow, 2-3 mm across, in short axillary spikes; calyx tube 0.5-2 x 1-1.5 mm, constricted above the ovary, pubescent; lobes 5, cream, 1.5 mm, triangular, glabrous; disc 5-lobed, pilose; petals 0; stamens 10, in 2 rows; filaments 3-4 mm, subulate, exserted; anthers small; ovary ovoid, 1.5 mm, inferior, pubescent, 1-celled; ovules 2 or 3, pendulous; style subulate, small. Fruit a drupe, 6 x 3 cm, oblong, 5-7 winged; wings equal, lines on the wings oblique and curving upwards, apex notched; seed one.
	Habit: Tree
	Flowering & Fruiting: November-June
	District(s): Kasaragode, Idukki, Palakkad, Kannur, Wayanad
	Medicinal: Yes
	Habitat: Dry Deciduous forests
	Distribution: India and Sri Lanka

Scaevola sericea

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Goodeniaceae
Genus:	Scaevola
Species:	S. taccada

Family: GOODENIACEAE
	Citation:  Scaevola sericea G. Forst. ex Vahl, Symb. Bot. 2: 37. 1791; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 236. 1984; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 259. 1988. Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb., Fl. Ind. 1: 527. 1820; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 155. 1982. Lobelia taccada Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 119. t.25. 1788. Scaevola koenigii Vahl, Symb. Bot. 3: 36. 1794; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 3: 421. 1881. Scaevola frutescens (Mill.) Krause in Engl., Pfreich. Gooden.-Brun. 133. 1912; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 734(516). 1921.
	Malayalam Name(s): Badraksham, Vellamodakam
	Tamil name(s):
	English name(s): Beach plum, Beach grape, Fan flower, Half flower, Sea lettuce
	Description:
	Habit: Shrub
	Flowering & Fruiting: Throughout the year
	District(s): Kollam, Kannur, Kozhikkode, Thrissur, Ernakulam, Malappuram, Thiruvananthapuram
	Medicinal: Yes
	Habitat: Along seashore and mangrove forests
	Distribution: Indo-Malesia, Australia to Polynesia

Lannea coromandelica

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Sapindales
Family:	Anacardiaceae
Genus:	Lannea
Species:	L. coromandelica

Family: ANACARDIACEAE
	Citation:  Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr., J. Arnold Arbor. 19: 353. 1938; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 72. 1982; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 110. 1985; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 66. 1988; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 114. 1989; Vajr., Fl. Palghat Dist. 137. 1990; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 128. 1994; Subram., Fl. Thenmala Div. 86. 1995; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 117. 1988; Sasidh. et al., Bot. Stud. Med. Pl. Kerala 15. 1996; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 122. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 80. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 82. 1998; Sasidh., Fl. Chinnar WLS 79. 1999; D. Chandra & S.K. Mukh. in N.P. Singh et al., Fl. India 5: 463. 2000; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 79. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 180. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 146. 2005; V. Chandra. in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 806. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 189. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 253. 2009. Dialium coromandelicum Houtt., Nat. Hist. ser. 2. 2: 39. t. 5. f. 2. 1774. Odina wodier Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 293. 1832; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 2: 29. 1876; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 263(187). 1918.
	Malayalam Name(s): Anakkaram, Karasu, Karayam, Karilavu, Konapadanara, Odiyamaram, Udikalasam, Uthi
	Tamil name(s):
	English name(s): Wodier, Jhingam
	Description: Deciduous trees, to 25 m high, bark surface grey to dark brown, rough, exfoliating in small irregular flakes, fibrous; blaze crimson red or deep pink; exudation gummy, red; young parts stellate-rusty tomentose. Leaves imparipinnate, alternate, clustered at the end of branchlets, estipulate; rachis 21-27 cm, stout, swollen at base, stellate-hairy pubescent when young; leaflets 7-11, opposite; petiolule 3-5 mm, slender, pubescent; lamina 5-12 x 3-8 cm, oblong, oblong-ovate, oblong-lanceolate or ovate, base oblique, acute or round, apex acuminate, margin entire, lower surface and part of the upper with scattered stellate pubescence, chartaceous; lateral nerves 10-16 pairs, parallel, prominent, puberulent beneath, intercostae reticulate, prominent. Flowers unisexual, yellowish-green; male flowers : in compound racemes, 8 mm across; calyx 4-lobed; lobes ovate, imbricate, persistent; petals 4, lanceolate, reflexed, imbricate; disc annular, 8-lobed; stamens 8, inserted below the disc, filaments unequal, subulate, ovary abortive; female flowers : in simple racemes; petals and sepals as in male flowers; stamens very short and small; anthers sterile; ovary superior, ovule pendulous from near the top of the cell.; styles 4; stigma peltate. Fruit a drupe, 12 mm long, ovoid, red; stone hard; seed compressed.
	Habit: Tree
	Flowering & Fruiting: January-May
	District(s): All Districts
	Medicinal: Yes
	Habitat: Deciduous forests, also in the plains
	Distribution: Indo-Malesia and China

Diploclisia glaucescens

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Menispermaceae
Genus:	Diploclisia
Species:	D. glaucescens

Family: MENISPERMACEAE
	Citation:  Diploclisia glaucescens (Blume)Diels in Engl., Pflanzenreich Menispermac. 225. 1910; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 28(20). 1915; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 28. 1982; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 58. 1985; Manilal, Fl. Silent Valley 6. 1988; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 43. 1988; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 67. 1984; A. Pramanik in B. D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 327. 1993; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 51. 1994; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 36. 1996; Sivar. & Mathew, Fl. Nilambur 48. 1997; Sasidh., Fl. Periyar Tiger Reserve 12. 1998; Pradeep, Fl. Vellarimala 17. 2000; Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 9. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 66. 2002; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 51. 2005; M. Mohanan in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 187. 2005; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 106. 2009. Cocculus glaucescens Blume, Bijdr. 25. 1825. Cocculus macrocarpus Wight & Arn., Prodr. 13. 1834; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 101. 1872.
	Malayalam Name(s): Vattavalli, Vattoli
	Tamil name(s):
	English name(s):
	Description: Woody climbers. Leaves simple, alternate,6-8 cm across, broadly ovate to orbicular, apex obtuse, base truncate or some times slightly cordate, glaucous below, margin entire, membranous; petiole 1.5-3 cm long. Flowers unisexual, in large drooping panicles, bright yellow. Sepals 6 in two whorls, 3 mm long, obovate. Petals 6, smaller than sepals concave with incurved margins, 2 mm long, obovate, emarginated. Stamens 6 in male flowers, staminodes absent. Carpels 3 in female flowers, free; style cylindric. Drupe compressed, curved, tubercled.
	Habit: Climber
	Flowering & Fruiting: March-August
	District(s): Palakkad, Kozhikkode, Kasaragode, Kollam, Idukki, Pathanamthitta, Malappuram, Kannur, Thiruvananthapuram, Thrissur, Wayanad
	Medicinal: Yes
	Habitat: Evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests
	Distribution: Indo-Malesia and China

Cananga odorata

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Magnoliids
Order:	Magnoliales
Family:	Annonaceae
Genus:	Cananga
Species:	C. odorata

Family: ANNONACEAE
	Citation:  Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. & Thoms. Fl. Ind. 130. 1855 & Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 56. 1872; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 27. 1982; Mohanan, Fl. Quilon Dist. 65. 1984; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 58. 1989; Babu, Fl. Malappuram Dist. 6. 1990; Debika Mitra in B. D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 254. 1993; M. Mohanan & Henry, Fl. Thiruvanthapuram 45. 1994; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 34. 1996; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 49. 2005; M. Mohanan in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 140. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 75. 2009; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 103. 2009. Uvaria odorata Lam., Encycl. Meth. Bot. 1:595.1785. Canangium odoratum (Lam.) Baill. ex King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 61: 41. 1892.
	Malayalam Name(s): Kattuchempakam, Kanangamaram, Langilangi, Madana, Pachachempakam
	Tamil name(s):
	English name(s): Langilangi, Maramar, Perfume Tree, Ylang ylang
	Description: Trees, 15-20 m tall; bole straight, bark greyish-white, blaze creamy yellow, branches spreading, minutely puberulous with greyish, crispate, mostly fascicled hairs when young, glabrate with age. Leaves simple, alternate, distichous, estipulate; petiole 10-20 mm long, slender, grooved above, minutely puberulous; lamina 9-21 x 4-9 cm, oblong, elliptic, ovate or elliptic-lanceolate; base obtuse or oblique; apex acuminate or acute; margin entire, undulate, glabrous, coriaceous; lateral nerves 8-11 pairs, pinnate, prominent; intercostae scalariform, obscure. Flowers bisexual, yellowish-green, fragrant, to 6 cm across, several in peduncled, axillary cymes; bracts subulate, 1-2 mm long, puberulous on both sides, cauducous; pedicel 2-5 cm long, slender; sepals 3, 4-6 mm long, ovate, pubescent, reflexed, shortly connate at base; petals 6 (3 + 3), 3.5-5 x 0.5-1.5 cm, green, turning yellow, linear or lanceolate, valvate, puberulous; inner ones smaller, subequal; torus some what convex; stamens many, closely arranged, to 3.5 mm, connectives broadly appendaged, acute, concealing anthers; carpels many, glabrous at the very base, ovules many attached to the suture, stylules slender, terminated by a club-shaped stigma. Fruit aggregate of berry, 3-15 in a cluster, 1-15 x 0.5-1 cm, globose, glabrous, pulpy, black; seeds 2-12, transversely compressed, yellowish-brown.
	Habit: Tree
	Flowering & Fruiting: December-May
	District(s): All Districts
	Medicinal:
	Habitat: Grown as ornamental plant
	Distribution: Myanmar to Australia and New Zealand, through Malesia

Malpighia glabra

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Malpighiales
Family:	Malpighiaceae
Genus:	Malpighia
Species:	M. glabra

	Family: MALPIGHIACEAE
	Citation:  Malpighia glabra L., Sp. Pl. 425. 1753; R.C. Srivastava in Hajra et al., Fl. India 4: 34. 1997; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 149. 2009.
	Malayalam Name(s):
	Tamil name(s):
	English name(s): Acerola, Barbados Cherry, Cerejeira, Malphigia
	Description: Shrubs; branches glabrous. Leaves opposite, 3-6 x 3-4 cm, ovate-elliptic or almost oblong-lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate at apex, revolute along margins, chartaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous; petioles 1-4 mm long, glabrous. Corymbs 4-12 flowered; pedicels 6-15 mm long, articulate below middle at about 2.6-5 mm from base; bracts ovate-lanceolate, 1.5-2.5 mm long; bracteoles lanceolate, scarcely 1 mm long. Flowers 12-16 mm across; flower-buds subglobose, 3-4 mm across. Calyx-lobes oblong to subelliptic; glands oblong, ca 2-3 mm long. Petals obovate, ovate or suborbicular, whitish-pink. Filaments 1-1.5 mm long; anthers ovoid; 0.75 mm long. Styles ca 4 mm long. Drupes ca 9 mm across.
	Habit: Shrub
	Flowering & Fruiting: June-January
	District(s): All Districts
	Medicinal:
	Habitat: Cultivated
	Distribution: Native of West Indies

Albizia saman

Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Rosids
Order:	Fabales
Family:	Fabaceae
Subfamily:	Caesalpinioideae[1]
(unranked):	Mimosoid clade[1]
Genus:	Albizia
Species:	A. saman

	Family: FABACEAE/LEGUMINOSAE (Subfam.: Mimosoideae)
	Citation:  Albizia saman (Jacq.) F.Muell., Sel. Pl. Indust. Cult. 12. 1891. Mimosa saman Jacq., Fragm. Bot. 15, t. 9) 1800. Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr., J. Wash. Acad. Sc. 6: 47. 1916; Manilal & Sivar., Fl. Calicut 102. 1982; Ansari, Fl. Kasaragod Div. 151. 1985; Ramach. & V.J. Nair, Fl. Cannanore Dist. 172. 1988; Antony, Syst. Stud. Fl. Kottayam Dist. 152. 1989; Sanjappa, Legumes Ind. 72. 1992; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 114. 1997; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 171. 1996; Anil Kumar et al., Fl. Pathanamthitta 206. 2005; Sunil & Sivadasan, Fl. Alappuzha Dist. 272. 2009. Enterolobium saman (Jacq.) Prain ex King, J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 66: 252. 1898. Pithecellobium saman (Jacq.) Benth. in Hook. Lond. J. Bot. 3: 216. 1844.
	Malayalam Name(s): Mazhamaram, Urakamthoongimaram
	Tamil name(s):
	English name(s): Cow tamarind, Monkeypod, Rain tree
	Description: Trees, to 25 m high, bark yellowish-brown, rough, deeply fissured; branchlets pubescent. Leaves bipinnate, alternate, stipulate; stipules lateral, small, lanceolate, densely pubescent, cauducous; rachis 19-24 cm long, stout, pubescent, pulvinate, glands between pinnae pairs on the upper side; pinnae 6-7 pairs, 3-15 cm long, pulvinate, slender, grooved above, pubescent, 2-glands at the top of the pulvinous on the upper side and one between each pair of leaflets; leaflets 6-16, opposite, subsessile, estipellate; lamina 1.5-4.5 × 1-3 cm, oblong, rhomboid, trapezoid or ovate-oblong, base obliquely truncate, apex obtuse, mucronate, margin entire, glabrous above, pubescent and glaucous beneath, coriaceous; lateral nerves 4-11 pairs, pinnate, prominent, intercostae reticulate, prominent. Flowers bisexual, pinkish-white, subsessile, in dense heads; peduncle 6-10 cm long, pubescent, solitary or 2-3 together in the axils of upper leaves; calyx 3-5 mm long, funnel shaped, pilose, lobes 5, broadly triangular; corolla 8-13 mm long, pinkish, funnel shaped, puberulous, lobes 5, ovate, half as long as the tube; stamens many, 3 cm long, connate at the base ina tube one-third as long as the corolla tub, apex pink, base white; ovary superior, glabrous, sessile, stigma minute. Fruit a pod, 12-20×1-2.5 cm, indehiscent, slightly flattened and depressed between the seeds, sutures thickened; epicarp thin, crustaceous, glossy brown, mesocarp pulpy, light brown, sticky; endocarp firmly crustaceous, forming continous septa between the seeds; seeds 16-20, 1×0.6 cm, smooth, brown, glossy.
	Habit: Tree
	Flowering & Fruiting: March-May
	District(s): All Districts
	Medicinal:
	Habitat: Grown as avenue tree
	Distribution: Native of Central and South America; widely planted in the tropics as avenue tree

Coscinium fenestratum

Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Order:	Ranunculales
Family:	Menispermaceae
Genus:	Coscinium
Species:	C. fenestratum

Family: MENISPERMACEAE
	Citation:  Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr., Trans. Linn. Soc. London 13: 65. 1822; Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 1: 99. 1872; Gamble, Fl. Pres. Madras 27(19). 1915; A. Pramanik in B. D. Sharma et al., Fl. India 1: 313. 1993; Sasidh. & Sivar., Fl. Pl. Thrissur For. 36. 1996; Sasidh., Fl. Shenduruny WLS 23. 1997; Ravikumar & Ved, Illustr. Field Guide 100 Red Listed Med. Pl. 99. 2000 Sasidh., Fl. Parambikulam WLS 8. 2002; Mohanan & Sivad., Fl. Agasthyamala 65. 2002; M. Mohanan in P. Daniel, Fl. Kerala 1: 183. 2005; Ratheesh Narayanan, Fl. Stud. Wayanad Dist. 104. 2009. Menispermum fenestratum Gaertn., Fruct. 1: 219, t. 45, f.5. 1788.
	Malayalam Name(s): Maramanjal, Marathi, Manjavalli
	Tamil name(s):
	English name(s): Tree turmeric, Flase calumba
	Description: Woody climbers; wood yellow, branchlets hoary pubescent. Leaves simple, alternate, deltoid , 15-18 x 13-15 cm, ovate, apex acuminate, base truncate, margin entire; 5-7 ribbed; petiole 10-12 cm long. Inflorescence supra-axillary or cauliflorous. Female flowers mostly from old wood. Sepals 6, sericeous. Petals 3; ovary densely pilose, staminodes 6. Fruit of 1or 2 drupes, to 2 cm dia, globose, brown villous, endocarp borny, peduncle to 12 cm; seed 1, black, glabrous.
	Habit: Climber
	Flowering & Fruiting: August-October
	District(s): Palakkad, Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Thrissur, Wayanad, Malappuram, Idukki, Kannur, Kozhikkode, Pathanamthitta, Ernakulam
	Medicinal: Yes
	Habitat: Semi-evergreen and evergreen forests
	Distribution: Indo-Malesia